Ielts Practice Test 5 Reading Answers

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    Detailed resume outlining work history and education. Include volunteer work if available. Supply two small paragraphs, 2. One will be kept on file and the other used to prepare a student identification card. Two references from past employers or...

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    Type written personal statements of goals and objectives. Preference will be given to those who are highly motivated with a clear sense of direction. Audition tape. Applicants introduce themselves, state the full name of the program they are...

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    Propelled by the most powerful engine ever used for a spaceship, it was the fastest craft to leave Earth. Pioneer 10 reached the moon in just 11 hours and Mars in 12 weeks. It was the first vessel from Earth to pass through the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. Before Pioneer 10 no one knew whether craft could navigate this perilous zone, where debris from dust particles to rocks the size of a small country travels at 20kms per second.

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    Pioneer 10 made the journey unscathed, paving the way for further explanation. It circled Jupiter, sending back the first close-up images, which showed clearly for the first time the composition of the planet, mainly liquid and its rings. Pioneer 10 conducted a range of experiments, fifteen in all, using a complex array of instruments to photograph, measure record and transmit data. The experiments studied magnetic fields, solar wind, cosmic rays and the atmosphere of Jupiter and its satellites. Once its mission was accomplished, the spacecraft used the gravitational force of the giant planet in slingshot fashion, to accelerate away from Jupiter at a speed of , km per hour.

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    Gradually however, the power levels dropped and the experiments were turned off one by one. The last experiments were shut off and at that point, in , the mission was formally ended. But that was not the end of the story. Faint signals from P10 as it was affectionately known continued to reach Earth for another 5 years until in April the spacecraft sent its final message. By that time it was The radio signal at that time took 11 hours to reach the Earth, travelling at the speed of light. Given that the total cost to the end of the official scientific operations was only million dollars, the project was an outstanding success. An additional benefit to the project was a sister ship, Pioneer 11, launched in , as a backup, in case Pioneer 10 did not survive transit through the asteroid belt. When Pioneer 10 successfully completed its encounter with Jupiter, its twin was re-targeted midflight in the direction of Saturn, 1. There it took the first close-up images of that planet and discovered two additional moons in its orbit, before moving out of communication range.

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    Until , Pioneer 10 had the distinction of remaining the most distant object in space. Then Voyager 1 launched in , exceeded its reach. There are currently four spacecraft leaving the solar system for interstellar space. Three are Voyagers, all following a similar trajectory. Travelling at It carries on its side a gold plaque depicting a man and a woman and showing the location of the sun and the Earth in our galaxy. No longer in contact with the Earth, Pioneer 10, has become a ghost ship, drifting towards the red star Aldebaran, the eye of the bull in the constellation Taurus.

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    Questions 10 — 13 Complete each of the following statements Questions 10 — 13 with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Write your answers in boxes 10 — 13 on your answer sheet. Wars over access to water are a rising possibility in this century and the main conflicts in Africa during the next 25 years could be over this most precious of commodities, as countries fight for access to scarce resources. The report says that by , 12 more African countries will join the 13 that already suffer from water stress or water scarcity.

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    What makes the water issue even more urgent is that demand for water will grow increasingly fast as larger areas are placed under crops and economic development. At the recent World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg activists continued their campaign to halt dam construction, while many governments were outraged about a vocal minority thwarting their plans.

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    How to ensure this happens was one of the big issues of the summit. Much of the text on this was already agreed, but one of the unresolved issues in the implementation plan was whether the goal on water would be extended to cover sanitation. The risks posed by water-borne diseases in the absence of sanitation facilities means the two goals are closely related. Only US negotiators have been resisting the extension of goals to include sanitation due to the financial commitment this would entail. However, Evans says the US is about to agree to this extension. This agreement could give the UN a chance to show that in one key area the world development agenda was advanced in Johannesburg. But the UN has said Johannesburg was not about words alone, but implementation. A number of projects and funding initiatives were unveiled at the summit. But implementation is always harder, as South Africa has experienced in its water programme. For some of those who have only recently been given ready access to water, their gains are under threat as the number of cut-offs by municipalities for non-payment rise, says Liane Greef of the Environmental Monitoring Group.

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    Greef is programme manager for Water Justice in southern Africa. It is also the way of ensuring sufficient water supply and its management that will increasingly become a political battleground in South Africa. Water Affairs director-general Mike Muller says South Africa is near the end of its dam-building programme.

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    However, there are big projects proposed elsewhere in southern Africa that could possibly be halted by activists who could bring pressure on funding agencies such as the World Bank. Greef says her group will campaign during the summit against the proposed Skuifraam Dam, which would be built near Franschhoek to supply additional water to Cape Town. Rather than rely on new dam construction, the city should ensure that water is used wisely at all times rather than only in dry spells, Greef says. Another battleground for her group is over the privatisation of water supply, she says. Water supply, she insists, is best handled in the public interest by accountable government. There is increasing hope from advances in technology to deal with water shortages. Questions 14 — 21 Match the views 25 — 32 with the people listed below. Questions 22 — 27 Read the passage about problems with water again and look at the statements below. This mill belonged to a certain John Tate and was near Hertford.

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    Other early mills included one at Dartford, owned by Sir John Speilman, who was granted special privileges for the collection of rags by Queen Elizabeth and one built in Buckinghamshire before the end of the sixteenth century. During the first half of the seventeenth century, mills were established near Edinburgh, at Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, and several in Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey.

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    The Bank of England has been issuing bank notes since , with simple watermarks in them since at least Henri de Portal was awarded the contract in December for producing the Bank of England watermarked bank-note paper at Bere Mill in Hampshire. Portals have retained this contract ever since but production is no longer at Bere Mill. There were two major developments at about the middle of the eighteenth century in the paper industry in the UK.

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    The first was the introduction of the rag engine or hollander, invented in Holland sometime before , which replaced the stamping mills, which had previously been used, for the disintegration of the rags and beating of the pulp. The second was in the design and construction of the mould used for forming the sheet. Baskerville, a Birmingham printer, wanted a smoother paper. James Whatman the Elder developed a woven wire fabric, thus leading to his production of the first woven paper in Increasing demands for more paper during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to shortages of the rags needed to produce the paper.

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    Part of the problem was that no satisfactory method of bleaching pulp had yet been devised, and so only white rags could be used to produce white paper. Chlorine bleaching was being used by the end of the eighteenth century, but excessive use produced papers that were of poor quality and deteriorated quickly. By up to 24 million pounds of rags were being used annually, to produce 10, tons of paper in England and Wales, and tons in Scotland, the home market being supplemented by imports, mainly from the continent. Similarly, Matthias Koops carried out many experiments on straw and other materials at the Neckinger Mill, Bermondsey around , but it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that pulp produced using straw or wood was utilised in the production of paper.

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    By there were in paper mills in England and Wales mostly single vat mills , under 50 74 in in Scotland and 60 in Ireland, but all the production was by hand and the output was low. The first attempt at a paper machine to mechanise the process was patented in by Frenchman Nicholas Louis Robert, but it was not a success. However, the drawings were brought to England by John Gamble in and passed on to the brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, who financed the engineer Henry Donkin to build the machine. The first successful machine was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in The paper was pressed onto an endless wire cloth, transferred to a continuous felt blanket and then pressed again. Finally it was cut off the reel into sheets and loft dried in the same way as hand made paper. In John Dickinson patented a machine that that used a wire cloth covered cylinder revolving in a pulp suspension, the water being removed through the centre of the cylinder and the layer of pulp removed from the surface by a felt covered roller later replaced by a continuous felt passing round a roller.

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    This machine was the forerunner of the present day cylinder mould or vat machine, used mainly for the production of boards. Both these machines produced paper as a wet sheet, which require drying after removal from the machine, but in T B Crompton patented a method of drying the paper continuously, using a woven fabric to hold the sheet against steam heated drying cylinders. After it had been pressed, the paper was cut into sheets by a cutter fixed at the end of the last cylinder. By the middle of the nineteenth century the pattern for the mechanised production of paper had been set. Subsequent developments concentrated on increasing the size and production of the machines.

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    Similarly, developments in alternative pulps to rags, mainly wood and esparto grass, enabled production increases. Conversely, despite the increase in paper production, there was a decrease, by , in the number of paper mills in England and Wales to and in Ireland to 14 Scotland increased to 60 , production being concentrated into fewer, larger units. Geographical changes also took place as many of the early mills were small and had been situated in rural areas. The change was to larger mills in, or near, urban areas closer to suppliers of the raw materials esparto mills were generally situated near a port as the raw material was brought in by ship and the paper markets. Questions 28 — 34 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the reading passage on The History of Papermaking in the U. Questions 35 — 40 Match the events 35 — 40 with the dates A — G listed below.

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    Terminated Dinosaur Era A. Day after day, we hear about how anthropogenic development is causing global warming. According to an increasingly vocal minority, however, we should be asking ourselves how much of this is media hype, and how much is based on real evidence. It seems — as so often is the ease — that it depends on which expert you listen to, or which statistics you study. There is, of course, no denying that we are still at a very early stage in understanding weather. The effects of such variables as rainfall, cloud formation, the seas and oceans, gases such as methane and ozone, or even solar energy are still not really understood, and therefore the predictions that we make using them cannot always be relied on.

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    He has now gone on record as stating that using artificial models of climate as a way of predicting change is all but impossible. In fact, he now believes that, rather than getting hotter, our planet is getting greener as a result of the carbon dioxide increase, with the prospect of increasing vegetation in areas which in recent history have been frozen wastelands. In fact, there is some evidence to suggest that as our computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated, the predicted rises In temperature have been cut back. So should we pay any attention to those stories that scream out at us from billboards and television news headlines, claiming that man, with his inexhaustible dependence on oil-based machinery and ever more sophisticated forms of transport is creating a nightmare level of greenhouse gas emissions, poisoning his environment and ripping open the ozone layer?

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    Doubters point to scientific evidence, which can prove that, of all the greenhouse gases, only two per cent come from man-made sources, the rest resulting from natural emissions. Who, then, to believe: the environmentalist exhorting us to leave the car at home, to buy re-usable products packaged in recycled paper and to plant trees in our back yard? Or the sceptics, including, of course, a lot of big businesses who have most to lose, when they tell us that we are making a mountain out of a molehill? And my own opinion? Write a theme in Boxes on your answer sheet. The author … A. As to the cause of global warming, the author believes that … A. Our understanding of the weather… A. Currently, Dr. It is nearly impossible to predict weather change using artificial models B. In Boxes , write: YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage Example: Computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated.

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    Answer: Yes. At the same time that computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated, weather forecasters have become more expert. Most of the increase in global temperature happened in the second half of the twentieth century. The media wants us to blame ourselves for global warming. The media encourages the public to use environment-friendly vehicles, such as electric cars to combat global warming. Environmentalists are very effective at persuading people to be kind to the environment. Many big businesses are on the side of the sceptics as regards the cause of global warming. Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet. Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions , which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

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    Tyes and Greens A. The word is Anglo-Saxon in origin, and the Oxford English Dictionary quotes the earliest usage of the term as dating from Local people and passing travellers had the right to pasture their horses, pigs and other farm animals on the tye. In the Pebmarsh area, there seem to have been five or six of these tyes, all except one, at the margins of the parish. These marginal clearings are all away from the richer farming land close to the river, and, in the case of Cooks Green, Haylcs Tye, and Dorking Tye, close to the edge of still existing fragments of ancient woodland.

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    It seems likely than that, here, as elsewhere in East Anglia, medieval freemen were allowed to clear a small part of the forest and create a smallholding. Such unproductive forest land would, in any case, have been unattractive to the wealthy baronial or monastic landowners. Most of the land around Pebmarsh village belonged to Earls Colne Priory, a wealthy monastery about 10 kilometres to the south, and it may be that by the 13th and 14th centuries the tyes -were maintained by tenant farmers paying rent to the Priory.

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    Hayles Tye seems to have got its name from a certain John Hayle who Is documented in the s, although there are records pointing to the occupation of the site at a much earlier date. The name was still in use in and crops up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, usually in relation to the payment of taxes or tithes.

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    Also in the 18th century, the original dwellings on the site disappeared. Much of this region was economically depressed during this period and the land and its dwellings may simply have been abandoned. Several farms were abandoned in the neighbouring village of Alphamstone, and the population dwindled so much that there was no money to support the fabric of the village church, which became very dilapidated. By the land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in he built two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers. The structure of these cottages was very simple, just a two-storey rectangle divided in the centre by a large common chimneypiece. Each dwelling had its own fireplace, but the two families seem to have shared a brick broad-oven which jutted out from the rear of the cottage.

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    The outer wall of the bread-oven Is still visible on the remaining cottage. The fireplaces themselves and the chimney structure appear to be older than the cottages and may have survived from the earlier dwellings. All traces of the common land had long disappeared, and the two cottages stood on a small plot of less than an acre where the labourers would have been able to grow a few vegetables and keep a few chickens or a pig. Both cottages are clearly marked on maps of , but by the end of the century, one of them had gone. Again, the last years of the 19th century were a period of agricultural depression, and a number of smaller farms in the area were abandoned. It seems likely that, as the need for agricultural labour declined, one of the cottages fell into disuse, decayed and was eventually pulled down.

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